Morphological Structure And Function of Plant

Plants usually consists of the roots under the surface ground and shoots (shoot) which is above the ground.

• Roots

Root dry weight typically 1/3 the entire plant body. Roots adapt to their duties, namely absorption, inaugural tegaknyatanaman and storage. Branching root complex and irregular because there jointed and surface area.

When the primary root into the main root is called a taproot and when the primary root atrophied replaced root fibers to form adventitious roots. Generally, plants with fibrous root systems, shallow rooted and sensitive to drought but rapid response to variations in fertilization.
Particular plant species enlarged and fleshy roots as a result of food storage in the form of starch and sugars.

•  Pucuk

Shoots (Shoot) is a central axis with embelan-embelan. Rods (middle axis) which supports the leaves that produce food and connecting roots mengabsorbsiair and nutrients. Plant forms an upright and rigid rod that has a growing point of actively considered normal form, while other forms are considered aberrations. Modittkasi rod, it is very different from the morphology of the original, but struktumya still like stems that have books, leaves (or structures like scales and functions in the transport and storage, modification of the stem above the ground (crown, spur) and underground (bulb, corn, rhizome, tuber, etc.). Many of these modifications contains a number of important food reserves for the breeding of plants.

Buds (buds = bud) that embryonic stem nature. The buds are a source of potential for further growth. The bud can produce leaves, flowers or both are called leaf buds, flower buds and two.
Leaves in higher plants is a means of photosynthesis, leaf is embelan flat on the stem so that the expanding surface for light absorption. The anatomical structure of the vascular system in leaves and leaf veins comprise branching, branching leaf veins on dikotyl like nets were on monokotyl parallel.
Flower shows both structure and size. Sepals (calyx) is covering the flower petals while still buds. Petal (Corolla) ie crowns bunga.Stamen that male reproductive organs composed of anther containing pollen. Mature pollen anther issued through the broken wall.

Pistil (consisting of one or several carpel), namely the female reproductive organs, usually containing ovule and ovary that supports enlarged bud style called stigma. Ovule will develop into seeds were grown into buah.Bunga ovary consisting of Sepal, Petal, stamen and Fistil called full flower. Fruit botanically show adult ovary and other parts of the flower associated with it. Grouping pieces can be according to the number, which is contained in the ovary wall of the structure. Single fruit, composed of a single ovary. Dindingovary or pericarp is composed of Rxocarp (outer), mesocarp (middle), endocarp (deepest).

Single fruit if all pericarpnya called fleshy berry fruit buahberi.Buah berryatau hard outer skin (exocarp) is called Pepo Single fleshy fruit that has endocarp like a rock known as drupe or stone fruit. Dried fruit is fruit that the entire skin becomes dry and hard when ripe, dried fruit whose skin chapped cooking time eg on legume pods, dried fruit together with seeds pericarpnya called caryopsis. Fruit compound, derived from the flower which has many yan Receptacle Fistil the same. Individual fruit of the strawberry fruit compound (strobery), the fleshy part that is eaten is Receptaclenya.

• Seeds

Mini plant seeds essentially in a state of unfettered development. Seeds that mature ovule containing an embryo and food reserve with integument differentiated into testa. Most grains contain a supply of foods derived from endosperm tissue (corn) and on the other cotyledons act sebagaialat seed storage makanan.Perkecambahan show changes unfettered growth into active growth.

The use of Energy for The Plant Activities

The use of energy for the plant activities

Solar energy is the main source hubungannnya with plant growth, ninety percent of the dry matter of agricultural crops derived from changes in carbon through photosynthesis process that depends on light.

Lately, many biologists are trying to calculate the productivity of the plant with solar energy and attention catching amendments to chemical energy through photosynthesis.

Materials and finishes the process of photosynthesis is written as follows

(673,000 light energy calories + chlorophyll)

6 CO₂ + 12 H₂O à     C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ + 6 H₂O

Solar light energy used comes from the wavelengths of 0.4 to 0.7 mikron.Efisiensi photosynthesis is affected by the rate of photosynthesis. The rate of photosynthesis increases with increasing light to some extent, although the rate of photosynthesis increases with increasing light intensity, but the increase is slow so that the capture efficiency of light decreases. If a high light intensity is relatively more upright light reflected by the leaves. The entry of light into the plant canopy is affected by the arrival of beam angles and arrangement of leaves, canopy ideal for light distribution has a uniform leaf arrangement, at the top of the canopy has a more upright leaves and smaller leaves being arranged horizontally below.

The concept of energy flow in agriculture

With regard the plant as a catcher, change and energy storage, then the resulting effort to raise the efficiency and productivity of plants.

In areas of dense plants, some environmental factors may soon be reduced, light, soil moisture and nutrients. This is a limiting factor in agriculture, fertilization is one good way to increase production.
Agricultural efficiency can be obtained by pcrbaikan plants through plant breeding.

One attempt to expand tentacle energy by extending the growing season for example, use the greenhouse for plants that allow input technology and large capital such as horticultural crops in temperate zones.

Trying to influence the rate of photosynthesis by way of exchange of CO2 between the leaves and the atmosphere around it. Winds in areas previously overlooked, maize yields could be improved if the rows are directed perpendicular to the wind, so that the plant shoots the breeze and the circulation and mixing of air.